[Dec 16, 2024] Pass BCS CTFL4 Exam Info and Free Practice Test
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BCS CTFL4 Exam Syllabus Topics:
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NEW QUESTION # 19
Which of the following is a typical potential risk of using test automation tools?
- A. Underestimation of effort required to maintain test scripts.
- B. Reduced repeatability and consistency of tests compared to manual testing
- C. Reduced test execution limes compared to manual testing.
- D. Reduced feedback times regarding software quality compared to manual testing.
Answer: A
Explanation:
One of the common risks associated with test automation tools is the underestimation of the effort required to maintain test scripts. Test scripts can become outdated or broken due to changes in the application, requiring significant effort to update and maintain them. This risk is highlighted in the ISTQB CTFL syllabus under the discussion of the benefits and risks of test automation.
NEW QUESTION # 20
Which one of the following is a typical entry criteria for testing?
- A. The number of unresolved defects is within an agreed limit.
- B. Availability of testable requirements.
- C. The number of estimated remaining defects is sufficiently low.
- D. Planned tests have been executed.
Answer: B
Explanation:
A typical entry criterion for testing is the availability of testable requirements. Testable requirements provide a basis for designing and executing test cases. Without clear and testable requirements, it is challenging to determine what needs to be tested and to create effective test cases. Entry criteria ensure that the necessary preconditions are met before testing begins, which helps in conducting efficient and effective testing.
NEW QUESTION # 21
Which of the following best describes the relationship between a test progress report and a test summary report?
- A. The test report prepared during a test activity may be referred to as a test summary report, while a test report prepared at the end of a test activity may be referred to as a test progress report.
- B. Both the test progress report and the test summary report should always be generated via an automated tool.
- C. The test report prepared during a test activity may be referred to as a test progress report, while a test report prepared at the end of a test activity may be referred to as a test summary report.
- D. There is no difference between a test progress report and a test summary report.
Answer: C
Explanation:
A test progress report is prepared during a test activity and provides updates on the current status of testing activities, including progress made, issues encountered, and test metrics. A test summary report, on the other hand, is prepared at the end of a test activity and provides a comprehensive overview of the testing carried out, including the final status, test results, defect summaries, and overall conclusions.
Reference: ISTQB CTFL Syllabus V4.0, Section 5.3.2
NEW QUESTION # 22
A company wants to reward each of its salespeople with an annual bonus that represents the sum of all the bonuses accumulated for every single sale made by that salesperson. The bonus for a single sale can take on the following four values: 3%, 5%, 7% and 10% (the percentage refers to the amount of the single sale). These values are determined on the basis of the type of customer (classified as "Basic" or "Premium") to which such sale was made, and on the amount of such sale classified into the following three groups G1, G2 and G3:
* [G1]: less than 300 euros
* [G2]: between 300 and 2000 euros
* [G3]: greater than 2000 euros
Which of the following is the minimum number of test cases needed to cover the full decision table associated with this scenario?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: D
Explanation:
The minimum number of test cases needed to cover the full decision table associated with this scenario is 6. This is because the decision table has 4 conditions (type of customer and amount of sale) and 4 actions (bonus percentage). The conditions have 2 possible values each (Basic or Premium, and G1, G2 or G3), so the total number of combinations is 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16. However, not all combinations are valid, as some of them are contradictory or impossible. For example, a sale cannot be both less than 300 euros and greater than 2000 euros at the same time. Therefore, we need to eliminate the invalid combinations and keep only the valid ones. The valid combinations are:
Type of customer
Amount of sale
Bonus percentage
Basic
G1
3%
Basic
G2
5%
Basic
G3
7%
Premium
G1
5%
Premium
G2
7%
Premium
G3
10%
These 6 combinations cover all the possible values of the conditions and actions, and they are the minimum number of test cases needed to cover the full decision table.
NEW QUESTION # 23
Which of the following applications will be the MOST suitable for testing by Use Cases
- A. Suitability and performance of a Multi media (audio video based) system to a new operating system
- B. The ability of an Anti virus package to detect and quarantine a new threat
- C. Accuracy and usability of a new Navigation system compared with previous system
- D. A billing system used to calculate monthly charge based or large number of subscribers parameters
Answer: C
Explanation:
A new navigation system compared with a previous system is the most suitable application for testing by use cases, because it involves a high level of interaction between the user and the system, and the expected behavior and outcomes of the system are based on the user's needs and goals. Use cases can help to specify the functional requirements of the new navigation system, such as the ability to enter a destination, select a route, follow the directions, receive alerts, etc. Use cases can also help to compare the accuracy and usability of the new system with the previous system, by defining the success and failure scenarios, the preconditions and postconditions, and the alternative flows of each use case. Use cases can also help to design and execute test cases that cover the main and exceptional paths of each use case, and to verify the satisfaction of the user's expectations.
The other options are not the most suitable applications for testing by use cases, because they do not involve a high level of interaction between the user and the system, or the expected behavior and outcomes of the system are not based on the user's needs and goals. A billing system used to calculate monthly charge based on a large number of subscriber parameters is more suitable for testing by data-driven testing, which is a technique for testing the functionality and performance of a system or component by using a large set of input and output data. The ability of an antivirus package to detect and quarantine a new threat is more suitable for testing by exploratory testing, which is a technique for testing the functionality and security of a system or component by using an informal and flexible approach, based on the tester's experience and intuition. The suitability and performance of a multimedia (audio video based) system to a new operating system is more suitable for testing by compatibility testing, which is a technique for testing the functionality and performance of a system or component by using different hardware, software, or network environments. Reference = CTFL 4.0 Syllabus, Section 3.1.1, page 28-29; Section 4.1.1, page 44-45; Section 4.2.1, page 47-48.
NEW QUESTION # 24
An alphanumeric password must be between 4 and 7 characters long and must contain at least one numeric character, one capital (uppercase) letter and one lowercase letter of the alphabet.
Which one of the following sets of test cases represents the correct outcome of a two-value boundary value analysis applied to the password length? (Note: test cases are separated by a semicolon)
- A. 1RhT;rSp53;3N3e10;8sBdby
- B. aB11;99rSp:5NnN10;7iDD0a1x
- C. 1xB: aB11: 99rSp: 5NnN10; 4NnN10T; 44ghWn19
- D. 1xA;aB11;Pq1ZZab;7iDD0a1x
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct outcome of a two-value boundary value analysis applied to the password length is the set of test cases represented by option D. Boundary value analysis is a test design technique that focuses on the values at the boundaries of an equivalence partition, such as the minimum and maximum values, or the values just above and below the boundaries. A two-value boundary value analysis uses two values for each boundary, one representing the valid value and one representing the invalid value. For example, if the valid range of values is from 4 to 7, then the two values for the lower boundary are 3 and 4, and the two values for the upper boundary are 7 and 8. The test cases in option D use these values for the password length, while also satisfying the other requirements of the password, such as containing at least one numeric character, one capital letter, and one lowercase letter. The test cases in option D are:
1RhT: a 4-character password that is valid
rSp53: a 5-character password that is valid
3N3e10: a 6-character password that is valid
8sBdby: an 8-character password that is invalid The test cases in the other options are incorrect, because they either use values that are not at the boundaries of the password length, or they do not meet the other requirements of the password. For example, the test cases in option A are:
1xA: a 3-character password that is invalid, but it does not contain a capital letter aB11: a 4-character password that is valid Pq1ZZab: a 7-character password that is valid
7iDD0a1x: an 8-character password that is invalid Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents:
ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 2.2.1, Black-box Test Design Techniques1 ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Boundary Value Analysis, Equivalence Partition2
NEW QUESTION # 25
A system has a self-diagnostics module that starts executing after the system is reset. The diagnostics are running 12 different tests on the systems memory hardware. The following is one of the requirements set for the diagnostics module:
'The time taking the diagnostics tests to execute shall be less than 2 seconds' Which of the following is a failure related to the specified requirement?
- A. The diagnostic tests take too much time to execute
- B. The diagnostic tests fail due to incorrect implementation of the test code
- C. The diagnostic tests that measure the speed of the memory, fail
- D. The diagnostic tests fail to start after a system reset
Answer: A
Explanation:
A failure is an event in which a component or system does not perform a required function within specified limits1. A requirement is a condition or capability needed by a user to solve a problem or achieve an objective2. In this case, the requirement is that the diagnostics tests should execute in less than 2 seconds. Therefore, any event that violates this requirement is a failure. The only option that clearly violates this requirement is B. The diagnostic tests take too much time to execute. If the diagnostic tests take more than 2 seconds to complete, then they do not meet the specified limit and thus fail. The other options are not necessarily failures related to the specified requirement. Option A. The diagnostic tests fail to start after a system reset is a failure, but not related to the time limit. It is related to the functionality of the self-diagnostics module. Option C. The diagnostic tests that measure the speed of the memory, fail is also a failure, but not related to the time limit. It is related to the accuracy of the memory tests. Option D. The diagnostic tests fail due to incorrect implementation of the test code is also a failure, but not related to the time limit. It is related to the quality of the test code. Reference = ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Requirements Engineering Fundamentals.
NEW QUESTION # 26
The acceptance criteria associated with a user story:
- A. are often written in a rule-oriented format using the template referred to as "Given/When/Then"
- B. must be written in one of the two following formats: scenario-oriented or rule-oriented
- C. can be written in different formats and represent an aspect of a user story referred to as confirmation' of the so called "3 C's"
- D. are often documented following in rule-oriented format using the following template: "As a [role], I want [feature], so that I can [benefit]"
Answer: C
Explanation:
The acceptance criteria associated with a user story are the conditions that must be met for the user story to be considered done and to deliver the expected value to the user. They are often written in different formats, such as rule-oriented, scenario-oriented, or table-oriented, depending on the nature and complexity of the user story. They represent an aspect of a user story referred to as confirmation, which is one of the so called "3 C's" of user stories. The other two aspects are card and conversation. Card refers to the concise and informal description of the user story, usually following the template: "As a [role], I want [feature], so that I can [benefit]". Conversation refers to the ongoing dialogue between the stakeholders and the team members to clarify and refine the user story and its acceptance criteria. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
NEW QUESTION # 27
Who of the following has the best knowledge to decide what tests in a test project should be automated?
- A. The developer
- B. The customer
- C. The test leader
- D. The development manager
Answer: C
Explanation:
The test leader is the person who is responsible for planning, monitoring, and controlling the test activities and resources in a test project. The test leader should have the best knowledge of the test objectives, scope, risks, resources, schedule, and quality criteria. The test leader should also be aware of the test automation criteria, such as the execution frequency, the test support, the team education, the roles and responsibilities, and the devs and testers collaboration1. Based on these factors, the test leader can decide which tests are suitable for automation and which are not, and prioritize them accordingly. The test leader can also coordinate with the test automation engineers, the developers, and the stakeholders to ensure the alignment of the test automation strategy with the test project goals and expectations. Reference = ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 Syllabus, Chapter 2, Section 2.3.1, Page 152; ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Page 403; ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 Syllabus, Chapter 6, Section 6.1.1, Page 514; Top 8 Test Automation Criteria You Need To Fulfill - QAMIND1
NEW QUESTION # 28
A calculator software is used to calculate the result for 5+6.
The user noticed that the result given is 6.
This is an example of;
- A. Error
- B. Mistake
- C. Failure
- D. Fault
Answer: C
Explanation:
According to the ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms, Version 4.0, 2018, page 18, a failure is "an event in which a component or system does not perform a required function within specified limits". In this case, the calculator software does not perform the required function of calculating the correct result for 5+6 within the specified limits of accuracy and precision. Therefore, this is an example of a failure.
The other options are incorrect because:
A mistake is "a human action that produces an incorrect result" (page 25). A mistake is not an event, but an action, and it may or may not lead to a failure. For example, a mistake could be a typo in the code, a wrong assumption in the design, or a misunderstanding of the requirement.
A fault is "a defect in a component or system that can cause the component or system to fail to perform its required function" (page 16). A fault is not an event, but a defect, and it may or may not cause a failure. For example, a fault could be a logical error in the code, a missing specification in the design, or a contradiction in the requirement.
An error is "the difference between a computed, observed, or measured value or condition and the true, specified, or theoretically correct value or condition" (page 15). An error is not an event, but a difference, and it may or may not result in a failure. For example, an error could be a rounding error in the calculation, a measurement error in the observation, or a deviation error in the condition.
Reference = ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms, Version 4.0, 2018, pages 15-18, 25; ISTQB CTFL 4.0 - Sample Exam - Answers, Version 1.1, 2023, Question 96, page 34.
NEW QUESTION # 29
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
- A. User acceptance tests are usually automated and aim to verify the acceptance criteria for user stories
- B. Acceptance criteria for user stones should focus on positive scenarios, while negative scenarios should be excluded
- C. Tests derived from acceptance criteria for user stories are not included in any of the four testing quadrants
- D. Acceptance criteria for user stories can include details on data definitions, for example by describing the format, allowed values, and default values for a data item
Answer: D
Explanation:
Acceptance criteria for user stories often include detailed specifications about data definitions, such as the format, allowed values, and default values for a data item. This helps ensure that the developed feature meets the expected requirements and provides a clear understanding for both developers and testers on what needs to be validated. Therefore, statement B is true as per the ISTQB CTFL syllabus.
NEW QUESTION # 30
A possible risk of introducing test automation is:
- A. the tool may not be compatible with the development platform.
- B. the tool will be owned and maintained by developers and replace testers.
- C. the tool may create additional development dependencies.
- D. the tool may not be fit-for-purpose.
Answer: D
Explanation:
One possible risk of introducing test automation is that the selected tool may not be fit-for-purpose. This means that the tool might not meet the specific needs and requirements of the project, leading to inefficiencies and possibly failing to provide the expected benefits. It is crucial to evaluate and select the appropriate tool based on the project's context and objectives. The ISTQB CTFL syllabus highlights the importance of careful tool evaluation and selection to ensure it aligns with the testing goals and the development environment.
NEW QUESTION # 31
To be able to define testable acceptance criteria, specific topics need to be addressed. In the table below are the topics matched to an incorrect description. Match the topics (the left column) with the correct description (the right column) Topic Description A: Functional behaviour A: How the system performs the specific behaviour.
8: Quality characteristics B: A sequence of actions between an external actor and the system, to accomplish a specific goal or business task.
C: Scenarios C: The externally observable behaviour with user actions as input operating under certain configurations.
D: Business rules D; Description of the connections between the system to be developed and the outside world.
E: External interfaces E: Activities that can only be performed in the system under certain conditions defined by outside procedures and constraints.
- A. A to C, B to A, C to B, D to D and E to E
- B. A to E, B to A, C to B, D to C and E to D
- C. A to C, B to A, C to B. D to E and E to D
- D. A TO A, B TO B, CTOB, DTO E AND E TO D
Answer: C
Explanation:
The correct matching of the topics with their descriptions is as follows:
Functional behaviour: The externally observable behaviour with user actions as input operating under certain configurations (A to C).
Quality characteristics: How the system performs the specific behaviour (B to A).
Scenarios: A sequence of actions between an external actor and the system, to accomplish a specific goal or business task (C to B).
Business rules: Activities that can only be performed in the system under certain conditions defined by outside procedures and constraints (D to E).
External interfaces: Description of the connections between the system to be developed and the outside world (E to D).
NEW QUESTION # 32
Which of the following statements about checklist-based testing is TRUE?
- A. Checklist-based testing is a technique for managing the review meeting that can be applied in those reviews where the use of checklists is mandatory, as is often the case in formal reviews.
- B. In checklist-based testing, using checklists at a high level of detail is more likely to produce test cases that are easier to reproduce than those using checklists at a low level of detail
- C. Checklists used in checklist-based testing should be reviewed periodically for updates as, over time, test cases designed using the same checklist may become less effective at finding defects.
- D. Checklist-based testing is a review technique that can be used in a formal review process where reviewers, during individual review, try to detect issues within the work product based on a checklist
Answer: C
Explanation:
Checklist-based testing is a technique where testers use pre-determined checklists to ensure that important aspects of a work product are evaluated. Over time, these checklists should be reviewed and updated periodically to maintain their effectiveness in detecting defects. As systems evolve, outdated checklists may miss new types of defects, thus diminishing their usefulness. Therefore, statement D is true according to the ISTQB CTFL syllabus.
NEW QUESTION # 33
During component testing of a program if 100% decision coverage is achieved, which of the following coverage criteria is also guaranteed to be 100%?
- A. 100% Statement coverage
- B. 100% Equivalence class coverage
- C. 100% Stale transition coverage
- D. 100% Boundary value coverage
Answer: A
Explanation:
Statement coverage is a structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of executable statements in the source code that are executed by a test suite1. Decision coverage is another structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of decision outcomes (such as branches or conditions) in the source code that are executed by a test suite1. Decision coverage is a stronger metric than statement coverage, because it requires that every possible outcome of each decision is tested, while statement coverage only requires that every statement is executed at least once2. Therefore, if a test suite achieves 100% decision coverage, it also implies that it achieves 100% statement coverage, because every statement in every branch or condition must have been executed. However, the converse is not true: 100% statement coverage does not guarantee 100% decision coverage, because some branches or conditions may have multiple outcomes that are not tested by the test suite2. For example, consider the following pseudocode:
if (x > 0) then print("Positive") else print("Non-positive") end if
A test suite that executes this code with x = 1 and x = -1 will achieve 100% statement coverage, because both print statements are executed. However, it will not achieve 100% decision coverage, because the condition x > 0 has only been tested with two outcomes: true and false. The third possible outcome, x = 0, has not been tested by the test suite. Therefore, the test suite may miss a potential bug or error in the condition or the branch.
The other options, such as stale transition coverage, equivalence class coverage, and boundary value coverage, are not guaranteed to be 100% by achieving 100% decision coverage. Stale transition coverage is a structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of transitions between states in a state machine that are executed by a test suite3. Equivalence class coverage is a functional coverage metric that measures the percentage of equivalence classes (or partitions) of input or output values that are tested by a test suite4. Boundary value coverage is another functional coverage metric that measures the percentage of boundary values (or extreme values) of input or output ranges that are tested by a test suite4. These metrics are independent of decision coverage, because they are based on different aspects of the system under test, such as its behavior, functionality, or specification. Therefore, achieving 100% decision coverage does not imply achieving 100% of any of these metrics, and vice versa. Reference = ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Test Coverage in Software Testing - Guru99, Structural Coverage Metrics - MATLAB & Simulink - MathWorks India, Test Design Coverage in Software Testing - GeeksforGeeks.
NEW QUESTION # 34
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